{"id":10502,"date":"2023-05-03T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-03T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mercator-ocean.eu\/numerical-models-shed-light-on-the-movement-of-young-leatherback-turtles-during-their-critical-years\/"},"modified":"2023-05-03T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-05-03T00:00:00","slug":"numerical-models-shed-light-on-the-movement-of-young-leatherback-turtles-during-their-critical-years","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mercator-ocean.eu\/fr\/numerical-models-shed-light-on-the-movement-of-young-leatherback-turtles-during-their-critical-years\/","title":{"rendered":"Des mod\u00e8les num\u00e9riques mettent en lumi\u00e8re les mouvements des tortues luths pendant leurs jeunes ann\u00e9es"},"content":{"rendered":"
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On ne sait que peu de choses sur les mouvements des tortues juv\u00e9niles apr\u00e8s leur naissance et leur entr\u00e9e en mer. Il s’agit pourtant d’une p\u00e9riode critique pour les tortues, \u00e0 cause d\u2019un taux de survie plus faible au cours de ces ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elles sont le plus vuln\u00e9rables. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une collaboration fructueuse entre Mercator Ocean International et l’organisation non gouvernementale Upwell, un article sur la dispersion des jeunes tortues de mer a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans Frontiers in Marine science. L’article est co-\u00e9crit par nos experts oc\u00e9anographes Tony Candela, Philippe Gaspar et par George L. Shillinger d’Upwell. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une attention particuli\u00e8re \u00e0 la tortue luth de l’Atlantique Nord-Ouest, une esp\u00e8ce menac\u00e9e d’extinction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les auteurs se sont concentr\u00e9s sur la sous-population de tortues luths (Dermochelys coriacea) de l’Atlantique Nord-Ouest<\/strong>, qui a r\u00e9cemment \u00e9t\u00e9 class\u00e9e parmi les esp\u00e8ces menac\u00e9es d’extinction<\/strong>. La tortue luth est la plus grande de toutes les tortues vivantes, atteignant jusqu’\u00e0 1,8 m\u00e8tre de long. Les b\u00e9b\u00e9s tortues luths ne p\u00e8sent que quelques grammes, alors qu’elles peuvent atteindre jusqu’\u00e0 500 kg \u00e0 l’\u00e2ge adulte, en l’espace de quelques ann\u00e9es et en se nourrissant essentiellement de m\u00e9duses ! On les reconna\u00eet \u00e0 leur carapace, recouverte d’une chair huileuse et d’une peau souple semblable \u00e0 du cuir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Adult<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Observations et lost years (ann\u00e9es perdues) <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les tortues luths de l’Atlantique Nord-Ouest pondent dans la r\u00e9gion des Cara\u00efbes et comprennent cinq stocks g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques, tous en d\u00e9clin, bien qu’\u00e0 des rythmes diff\u00e9rents. En \u00e9quipant les tortues adultes de balises satellites<\/strong>, les oc\u00e9anographes et les biologistes parviennent \u00e0 recueillir des observations et des informations sur leur vie. Malheureusement, cela n’est pas possible ou du moins extr\u00eamement compliqu\u00e9 avec les plus jeunes, trop petites pour \u00eatre \u00e9quip\u00e9es. Lorsqu’elles naissent, elles se ruent sur la plage et vers la mer, et disparaissent dans l’eau. Elles r\u00e9apparaissent une fois adultes, lorsqu’elles reviennent pondre sur leur plage de ponte initiale. La p\u00e9riode interm\u00e9diaire – dont on ne sait pas grand-chose – est appel\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0les ann\u00e9es perdues<\/strong>\u00a0\u00bb (lost years en anglais) et repr\u00e9sente un manque d’information d’environ 15 \u00e0 20 ans dans la vie de la tortue.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pourquoi les populations de tortues luths sont-elles en d\u00e9clin ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les causes sont multiples et difficiles \u00e0 identifier. Les tortues marines subissent de multiples facteurs de stress tout au long de leur vie<\/strong>. Les mod\u00e8les d\u00e9mographiques montrent que les chances de survie d’une tortue marine sont largement impact\u00e9es par sa survie au cours de la toute premi\u00e8re phase de sa vie en mer, et que la survie des juv\u00e9niles influe fortement sur la survie de l’ensemble de la population. Cependant, ce stade de vie, les ann\u00e9es perdues, reste largement inobserv\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Juvenile<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Simulations num\u00e9riques : combler les lacunes avec les mod\u00e8les<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L’\u00e9tude \u00ab\u00a0Dispersal of juvenile leatherback turtles from different Caribbean nesting beaches: A model study<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb pr\u00e9sente une s\u00e9rie de simulations num\u00e9riques dans lesquelles les juv\u00e9niles des cinq stocks de tortues luths de l’Atlantique Nord-Ouest se dispersent principalement en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la combinaison de deux facteurs : l’effet des courants oc\u00e9aniques (passif) et la recherche active d’habitats favorables, qui comprennent des temp\u00e9ratures et une quantit\u00e9 de nourriture appropri\u00e9es. Les simulations r\u00e9v\u00e8lent quand et o\u00f9 les tortues luths juv\u00e9niles sont susceptibles de se disperser et donnent ainsi un aper\u00e7u des conditions environnementales et des menaces d’origine humaine qu’ils peuvent rencontrer.
Comme le montre l’article, les trajectoires individuelles simul\u00e9es se dispersent initialement en suivant soit la \u00ab\u00a0route des Cara\u00efbes\u00a0\u00bb, \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur de la mer des Cara\u00efbes et du golfe du Mexique, soit la \u00ab\u00a0route de l’Atlantique\u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 l’est de l’arc Antillais. Apr\u00e8s cette dispersion initiale, les individus de chaque stock g\u00e9n\u00e9tique ont tendance \u00e0 tous suivre une trajectoire similaire dans l’est de l’oc\u00e9an Atlantique et vers la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e occidentale. Les juv\u00e9niles qui suivent la route des Cara\u00efbes sont rapidement entra\u00een\u00e9s vers le nord par le Gulf Stream et courent un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 de mortalit\u00e9 en raison des temp\u00e9ratures froides. La route de l’Atlantique semble moins risqu\u00e9e car les individus progressent plus lentement vers des latitudes plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Juvenile<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Un autre point mis en \u00e9vidence par les simulations est que le pourcentage de juv\u00e9niles provenant des Cara\u00efbes occidentales visitant le Golfe du Mexique est plus important que pour n’importe quel autre stock. Selon l’hypoth\u00e8se du but de migration acquis (\u00ab\u00a0learned migration goal\u00a0\u00bb, LMG), les tortues marines adultes ont tendance \u00e0 exploiter des zones de nourrissage pr\u00e9alablement identifi\u00e9es au stade juv\u00e9nile<\/strong> : cela pourrait donc expliquer pourquoi les adultes des Cara\u00efbes occidentales sont relativement plus abondants dans le golfe du Mexique.
Enfin, les r\u00e9sultats de l’article sugg\u00e8rent que l’augmentation r\u00e9cemment observ\u00e9e du pourcentage d’adultes des Cara\u00efbes occidentales migrant dans le golfe du Mexique pourrait \u00eatre li\u00e9e \u00e0 deux facteurs. La premi\u00e8re explication est que des mesures de r\u00e9duction des captures accidentelles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en \u0153uvre en 2003-2004. Il s’agit notamment de lois et de mesures concernant les engins de p\u00eache utilis\u00e9s, con\u00e7ues pour diminuer la capture accidentelle d’esp\u00e8ces non cibl\u00e9es telles que les dauphins et les tortues, ce qui souligne l’importance des initiatives et des r\u00e9glementations en mati\u00e8re de conservation. Deuxi\u00e8mement, on observe une augmentation de la fr\u00e9quence des courants entra\u00eenant les juv\u00e9niles plus loin dans le Golfe du Mexique (intrusion du Loop Current et \u00e9venements d\u2019\u201deddy-shedding\u201d) qui a commenc\u00e9 autour de l’ann\u00e9e 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/MbB1_6GWkPo\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Liens vers l’article<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On ne sait que peu de choses sur les mouvements des tortues juv\u00e9niles apr\u00e8s leur naissance et leur entr\u00e9e en mer. Il s’agit pourtant d’une p\u00e9riode critique pour les tortues, \u00e0 cause d\u2019un taux de survie plus faible au cours de ces ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elles sont le plus vuln\u00e9rables. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une collaboration fructueuse entre […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7269,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[],"translation-status":[],"class_list":["post-10502","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualites"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDes mod\u00e8les num\u00e9riques mettent en lumi\u00e8re les mouvements des tortues luths pendant leurs jeunes ann\u00e9es - Mercator Ocean International<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mercator-ocean.eu\/fr\/numerical-models-shed-light-on-the-movement-of-young-leatherback-turtles-during-their-critical-years\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Des mod\u00e8les num\u00e9riques mettent en lumi\u00e8re les mouvements des tortues luths pendant leurs jeunes ann\u00e9es - Mercator Ocean International\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On ne sait que peu de choses sur les mouvements des tortues juv\u00e9niles apr\u00e8s leur naissance et leur entr\u00e9e en mer. Il s’agit pourtant d’une p\u00e9riode critique pour les tortues, \u00e0 cause d\u2019un taux de survie plus faible au cours de ces ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elles sont le plus vuln\u00e9rables. 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